Blood Glucose Level = Glucose/(Glucose Space Vol*l to dl Conversion Factor) ~ ~ | Exogenous Glucose Delivery Rate = 216 ~ ~ {mg/min, I} | Exogenous Glucose Infusion Rate = G Infusion Magnitude*(G Infusion OnOff*G Infusion Profile +Food Profile*Food OnOff) ~ ~ | F1K1 = 209 ~ ~ | F1K2 = 300 ~ ~ | F1K3 = 6.6 ~ ~ | F2K1 = 72 ~ ~ | F2K2 = 144 ~ ~ | F3K1 = 0.01 ~ ~ | F4K1 = 90 ~ ~ | F4K2 = -1.772 ~ ~ | F4K3 = 7.76 ~ ~ | F4K4 = 4 ~ ~ | F5K1 = 180 ~ ~ | F5K2 = 0.29 ~ ~ | F5K3 = 7.5 ~ ~ | Food OnOff = 0 ~ ~ {1=On, 0=Off} | Food Profile = Food Profile LOOKUP(Time) ~ ~ | Food Profile LOOKUP( (0, 0.06), (1, 0.04), (2, 0.035), (3, 0.035), (4, 0.045), (5, 0.045 ), (6, 0.055), (7, 0.075), (8, 0.085), (9, 0.095), (10, 0.105), (11, 0.105), (12, 0.07 ), (13, 0.08), (14, 0.09), (15, 0.145), (16, 0.125), (17, 0.115), (18, 0.11), (19, 0.11), (20, 0.12), (21, 0.175), (22 , 0.195), (23, 0.165), (24, 0.105), (25, 0.07), (26, 0.07), (27, 0.045), (28, 0.07), (29, 0.075), (30, 0.095), (31, 0.11), (32, 0.165) , (33, 0.135), (34, 0.15), (35, 0.155), (36, 0.155) ) ~ ~ | G Infusion Magnitude = 226 ~ ~ | G Infusion OnOff = 0 ~ ~ {1=On, 0=Off} | G Infusion Profile = STEP(1,0)-0*STEP(1,1) ~ ~ | Glucose = INTEG(Glucose Gain Rate - Glucose Loss Rate, 13471) ~ ~ | Glucose Factor for IDGU Rate = F3K1*Glucose/Glucose Space Vol ~ ~ | Glucose Gain Rate = Exogenous Glucose Infusion Rate+Hepatic Glucose Production ~ ~ | Glucose Loss Rate = Insulin Dependent Glucose Use Rate+Insulin Independent Glucose Use Rate ~ ~ | Glucose Production Change Delay Time = 36 ~ ~ {min, t3} | Glucose Space Vol = 10 ~ ~ {Glucose Space Volume, V3, in Liters} | Hepatic Glucose Production = F5K1/(1+EXP(F5K2*Third Ord Smooth of Plas Ins/Plasma Compartment Vol -F5K3)) ~ ~ | Insulin Dependent Glucose Use Rate = Glucose Factor for IDGU Rate *Insulin Factor for IDGU Rate ~ ~ | Insulin Factor for IDGU Rate = F4K1/(1+EXP(F4K2*LN(Remote Insulin*(1/Remote Insulin Compartment Vol +1/(Plasma Remote Exchange Rate*Remote Insulin Decay Time)))+F4K3))+F4K4 ~ ~ | Insulin Independent Glucose Use Rate = F2K1*(1-EXP(-Glucose/F2K2*Glucose Space Vol)) ~ ~ | Insulin Secretion = F1K1/(1+EXP(-Glucose/(F1K2*Glucose Space Vol)+F1K3)) ~ ~ | l to dl Conversion Factor = 10 ~ ~ {dl/l} | l to ml Conversion Factor = 1000 ~ ~ {ml/l} | mU to ľU Conversion Factor = 1000 ~ ~ {ľU/mU} | Plas Insulin Gain Rate = Insulin Secretion+Remote to Plasma Migration Rate ~ ~ | Plas Insulin Loss Rate = Plasma Insulin Decay Rate+Plasma to Remote Migration Rate ~ ~ | Plasma Compartment Vol = 3 ~ ~ {V1, in Liters} | Plasma Insulin = INTEG(Plas Insulin Gain Rate - Plas Insulin Loss Rate, 119.3) ~ ~ | Plasma Insulin Decay Rate = Plasma Insulin/Plasma Insulin Decay Time ~ ~ | Plasma Insulin Decay Time = 6 ~ ~ {min, t1} | Plasma Remote Exchange Rate = 0.2 ~ ~ {l/min, E} | Plasma to Remote Migration Rate = Plasma Remote Exchange Rate*Plasma Insulin/Plasma Compartment Vol ~ ~ | Remote Insulin = INTEG(Remote Insulin Gain Rate - Remote Insulin Loss Rate, 239.4) ~ ~ | Remote Insulin Compartment Vol = 11 ~ ~ {V2, in Liters} | Remote Insulin Decay Rate = Remote Insulin/Remote Insulin Decay Time ~ ~ | Remote Insulin Decay Time = 100 ~ ~ {min, t2} | Remote Insulin Gain Rate = Plasma to Remote Migration Rate ~ ~ | Remote Insulin Loss Rate = Remote Insulin Decay Rate+Remote to Plasma Migration Rate ~ ~ | Remote to Plasma Migration Rate = Plasma Remote Exchange Rate*Remote Insulin/Remote Insulin Compartment Vol ~ ~ | Serum Insulin Level = Plasma Insulin*mU to ľU Conversion Factor/(Plasma Compartment Vol *l to ml Conversion Factor) ~ ~ | Third Ord Smooth of Plas Ins = SMooTH3(Plasma Insulin,Glucose Production Change Delay Time ) ~ ~ {h3} | INITIAL TIME = 0 ~ Minute ~ | FINAL TIME = 500 ~ Minute ~ | TIME STEP = 1 ~ Minute ~ | SAVEPER = TIME STEP ~ Minute ~ | \\\---/// Sketch information - do not modify anything except names V300 Do not put anything below this section - it will be ignored *Title $0,0,Times New Roman|12||0-0-0|0-0-0|0-0-0|-1--1--1|-1--1--1|96,96 12,1,0,350,90,85,11,0,4,0,0,-1,0,0,0 Ultradian Oscillation Model 12,2,0,350,130,304,11,0,4,0,0,-1,0,0,0 Replicated by Hank Taylor, MIT; Translated to Vensim by Tom Fiddaman, 1998 tom@vensim.com 12,3,0,350,170,236,11,0,4,0,0,-1,0,0,0 See: Jeppe Sturis, Kenneth S. Polonsky, Erik Mosekilde, and Eve van Cauter 12,4,0,350,210,267,11,0,4,0,0,-1,0,0,0 "Computer model for mechanisms underlying ultradian oscillations of insulin and glucose" 12,5,0,360,250,197,11,0,4,0,0,-1,0,0,0 Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Endocrinol. Metab. 23): E801-E809, 1991 \\\---/// Sketch information - do not modify anything except names V300 Do not put anything below this section - it will be ignored *Plasma Compartment $0,0,Times New Roman|12||0-0-0|0-0-0|0-0-0|-1--1--1|-1--1--1|96,96 10,1,Plasma Insulin,392,235,40,20,3,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 12,2,48,170,235,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,3,10,1,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(310,235)| 1,4,10,2,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(217,235)| 12,5,48,643,234,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,6,8,5,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(588,234)| 1,7,8,1,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(481,234)| 11,8,48,536,234,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,9,Plas Insulin Loss Rate,536,253,68,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 11,10,956,262,235,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,11,Plas Insulin Gain Rate,262,254,68,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,12,Insulin Secretion,293,357,52,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,13,12,11,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(279,312)| 10,14,Remote to Plasma Migration Rate,194,149,104,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,15,14,10,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(225,189)| 10,16,F1K1,153,377,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,17,16,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(200,370)| 10,18,F1K2,133,407,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,19,18,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(198,386)| 10,20,F1K3,163,437,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,21,20,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(221,400)| 10,22,Glucose,228,452,36,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,23,22,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(256,410)| 10,24,Glucose Space Vol,304,471,61,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,25,24,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(299,420)| 10,26,Plasma Insulin Decay Rate,523,327,82,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,27,26,9,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(538,293)| 10,28,Plasma to Remote Migration Rate,520,140,104,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,29,28,8,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(543,179)| 1,30,1,26,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(434,285)| 10,31,Plasma Insulin Decay Time,543,397,83,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,32,31,26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(534,368)| 10,33,Plasma Remote Exchange Rate,390,50,96,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,34,33,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(298,96)| 10,35,Remote Insulin,160,30,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,36,35,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(175,87)| 10,37,Remote Insulin Compartment Vol,50,80,103,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,38,37,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(115,110)| 10,39,Plasma Compartment Vol,630,50,80,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,40,39,28,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(580,90)| 1,41,1,28,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(438,179)| 1,42,33,28,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(448,91)| \\\---/// Sketch information - do not modify anything except names V300 Do not put anything below this section - it will be ignored *Remote Compartment $0,0,Times New Roman|12||0-0-0|0-0-0|0-0-0|-1--1--1|-1--1--1|96,96 10,1,Remote Insulin,364,211,40,20,3,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 12,2,48,101,213,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,3,10,1,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(271,213)| 1,4,10,2,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(158,213)| 12,5,48,649,210,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,6,8,5,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(586,210)| 1,7,8,1,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(462,210)| 11,8,48,526,210,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,9,Remote Insulin Loss Rate,526,229,79,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 11,10,1052,213,213,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,11,Remote Insulin Gain Rate,213,232,79,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,12,Plasma to Remote Migration Rate,170,100,104,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,13,12,10,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(189,152)| 10,14,Remote Insulin Decay Rate,450,320,84,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,15,14,9,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(506,280)| 10,16,Remote to Plasma Migration Rate,500,100,104,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,17,16,8,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(529,147)| 1,18,1,14,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(387,264)| 10,19,Remote Insulin Decay Time,409,376,85,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,20,19,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(424,353)| 10,21,Plasma Compartment Vol,80,20,80,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,22,21,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(119,55)| 10,23,Plasma Insulin,230,20,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,24,23,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(200,58)| 10,25,Plasma Remote Exchange Rate,400,20,96,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,26,25,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(291,57)| 1,27,25,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(444,55)| 1,28,1,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(415,154)| 10,29,Remote Insulin Compartment Vol,650,20,103,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,30,29,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(581,56)| \\\---/// Sketch information - do not modify anything except names V300 Do not put anything below this section - it will be ignored *Glucose $0,0,Times New Roman|12||0-0-0|0-0-0|0-0-0|-1--1--1|-1--1--1|96,96 10,1,Glucose,368,172,40,20,3,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 12,2,48,128,174,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,3,10,1,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(280,174)| 1,4,10,2,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(178,174)| 12,5,48,610,176,8,8,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,6,8,5,4,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(553,175)| 1,7,8,1,100,0,0,22,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(450,175)| 11,8,48,498,175,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,9,Glucose Loss Rate,498,194,59,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 11,10,636,227,174,6,8,34,3,0,0,1,0,0,0 10,11,Glucose Gain Rate,227,193,59,11,32,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,12,Insulin Dependent Glucose Use Rate,540,370,113,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,13,12,9,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(549,285)| 10,14,Insulin Independent Glucose Use Rate,470,80,117,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,15,14,8,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(492,118)| 10,16,Glucose Factor for IDGU Rate,400,310,96,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,17,16,12,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(447,342)| 10,18,Insulin Factor for IDGU Rate,530,460,91,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,19,18,12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(533,421)| 10,20,F3K1,300,350,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,21,20,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(340,334)| 1,22,1,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(368,231)| 10,23,Glucose Space Vol,360,390,61,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,24,23,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(376,356)| 10,25,F4K1,420,500,30,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,26,25,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(467,482)| 10,27,F4K2,420,530,30,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,28,27,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(468,498)| 10,29,F4K3,420,560,30,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,30,29,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(469,514)| 10,31,F4K4,420,590,30,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,32,31,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(469,530)| 10,33,Plasma Remote Exchange Rate,730,500,96,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,34,33,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(636,481)| 10,35,Remote Insulin,530,630,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,36,35,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(530,547)| 10,37,Remote Insulin Compartment Vol,710,540,103,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,38,37,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(626,502)| 10,39,Remote Insulin Decay Time,640,590,85,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,40,39,18,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(589,530)| 10,41,F2K1,430,20,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,42,41,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(445,45)| 10,43,F2K2,510,20,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,44,43,14,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(493,45)| 1,45,1,14,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(417,115)| 10,46,Glucose Space Vol,699,110,70,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,47,46,14,0,0,0,0,0,64,0,-1--1--1,,1|(597,96)| 10,48,Exogenous Glucose Infusion Rate,40,240,112,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,49,48,11,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(126,218)| 10,50,Hepatic Glucose Production,160,300,87,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,51,50,11,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(189,252)| 10,52,F5K1,40,330,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,53,52,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(82,319)| 10,54,F5K2,40,350,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,55,54,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(91,329)| 10,56,F5K3,40,370,21,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,57,56,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(94,338)| 10,58,Plasma Compartment Vol,40,390,80,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,59,58,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(94,349)| 10,60,Third Ord Smooth of Plas Ins,130,430,92,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,61,60,50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(142,371)| 10,62,Glucose Production Change Delay Time,10,500,123,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,63,62,60,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(64,468)| 10,64,Plasma Insulin,170,540,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,65,64,60,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(150,487)| \\\---/// Sketch information - do not modify anything except names V300 Do not put anything below this section - it will be ignored *Indicators & Inputs $0,0,Times New Roman|12||0-0-0|0-0-0|0-0-0|-1--1--1|-1--1--1|96,96 10,1,Exogenous Glucose Infusion Rate,353,111,103,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,2,Food OnOff,200,190,40,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,3,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(269,153)| 10,4,Food Profile,250,230,40,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,5,4,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(296,175)| 10,6,G Infusion Magnitude,550,180,67,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,7,6,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(458,148)| 10,8,G Infusion OnOff,530,220,55,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,9,8,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(447,169)| 10,10,G Infusion Profile,490,260,55,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,11,10,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(426,190)| 10,12,Exogenous Glucose Delivery Rate,353,53,105,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,13,Food Profile LOOKUP,110,280,84,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,14,13,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(172,257)| 10,15,Time,241,296,26,11,0,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,16,15,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(244,269)| 10,17,Serum Insulin Level,355,374,61,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,18,l to ml Conversion Factor,180,420,79,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,19,18,17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(260,398)| 10,20,mU to ľU Conversion Factor,250,450,91,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,21,20,17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(296,416)| 10,22,Plasma Compartment Vol,520,430,80,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,23,22,17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(444,404)| 10,24,Plasma Insulin,410,480,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,25,24,17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(383,428)| 10,26,Blood Glucose Level,359,538,66,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 10,27,Glucose,440,610,40,20,3,2,0,3,-1,0,0,0,128-128-128,0-0-0,|12||128-128-128 1,28,27,26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(399,574)| 10,29,Glucose Space Vol,240,600,61,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,30,29,26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(292,572)| 10,31,l to dl Conversion Factor,310,640,78,11,0,3,0,0,-1,0,0,0 1,32,31,26,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1--1--1,,1|(330,595)| ///---\\\ :L<%^E!@ 1:Current.vdf 9:Current 22:$,Dollar,Dollars,$s 22:Day,Days 22:Hour,Hours 22:Minute,Minutes,Min,Mins 22:Month,Months 22:Person,People,Persons 22:Unit,Units 22:Week,Weeks 22:Year,Years 15:0,0,0,0 19:100,0 4:Time 5:Food Profile LOOKUP